During the biopsy procedure, removal of the cells and tissues is done in order to be sent for microscopic analysis. The pathologist would analyse the sample to detect any symptoms of cancers. The experts namely, pathologist, radiation oncologist and surgeon would work in unison for charting out a plan on how to undertake the biopsy procedure. This is done to ensure that the biopsy incision would not affect the subsequent treatment involving surgical intervention for tumor removal and radiation therapy. When biopsy is conducted in the same location where the treatment would be carried out, it would be more beneficial for the patient.

The below stated tests might be conducted on the tissue sample that was removed during biopsy.

• Light and electron microscopy – A laboratory test wherein a regular and high-power microscope is used to scan the cells in the tissue sample taken during biopsy for any form of anomalous cell changes.
• Cytogenetic analysis – A laboratory test wherein the cells present in the tissue sample are microscopically analysed for spotting any abnormal changes in the chromosomes.
• Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test or RT-PCR – A form of laboratory test procedure wherein cells present in the tissue sample are analysed by employing chemicals for observing certain genetic changes.
• Immunohistochemistry study – A laboratory test carried out to test for particular antigens by using substances like antibody, dye or radioisotope that are added to the tissue sample. This kind of study is employed for telling the variation between different cancerous types.

Factors affecting prognosis (probability of recovery) and Treatment choices

The prognosis or likelihood of recovery is dependent on particular factors prior to and subsequent to treatment.

Prior to treatment, prognosis is dependent on:

• The location in the body where the tumor originated.
• How large the tumor size is during diagnosis.
• If the tumor has metastasized or spread to other sites in the body.
• The age, sex and overall health status of the patient.
• If the tumor has lately been detected or is a relapse.

Following treatment, prognosis gets affected due to:

• If the tumor had been totally removed during surgical intervention.
• Has the cancer relapsed more than 2 years subsequent to the first treatment?

Treatment alternatives are dependent on:

• The location of the tumor in the body and how big the tumor size is.
• The age and overall health condition of the patient.
• How the treatment would affect the patient’s look and vital body functions.
• Has the cancer recently been detected or has it relapsed.

Decisions regarding opting for surgical intervention are dependent on how favourably the patient is responding to the preliminary line of treatment employing chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Lung Cancer ranks second in the listing for the most widespread form of cancer detected in the United States, accounting for close to a third of all cancer fatalities. Though cigarette smokers were the ones with the most recorded cases of lung cancer, however even non-smoking individuals developed lung cancer. Being exposed to radon, asbestos and second-hand smoke was also noted to increase the chances of developing lung cancer. In certain situations the reasons were unidentified.

The most exigent factor of lung cancer is that it would remain dormant for extended periods of time; even years till the person could become symptomatic. Regrettably, by the time it is detected, nearly half the populace of those patients would have developed the advanced stages of the cancer that spread outside the perimeters of the lungs. Several strategies are employed for treating lung cancer namely a combination of surgical intervention, radiation and chemotherapy.

The lungs via pumping mechanism operate by removal of carbon-dioxide from the blood and reinstating it with a fresh supply of oxygen with every breath that is taken. During inhalation the air passes through the nostrils or the mouth, traveling past the trachea or windpipe, through two tubes known as the main stem bronchi – one of which leads to the right lung and the other tube ending in the left lung. Within the lungs, both of these two main stem bronchi branch out further into smaller-sized tubes known as bronchi, and further sub-branching into yet smaller bronchioles. The bronchioles end up into small air sacs known as alveoli that are the prime site where the swap between oxygen and carbon-dioxide occurs during the course of respiration. There are three subdivisions of the lung or lobes located on the right part of the chest while two subdivisions on the left side.

Cancers commencing in the lungs are categorized into two key forms namely small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer that are distinguished on the basis of the microscopic appearance of the cancer cells. Each form of lung cancer proliferates in a diverse manner and requires diverse course of treatments.

Non-small cell lung cancer is more prevalent and usually spreads at a more gradual pace. There are four key forms of non-small cell lung cancer that are christened on the basis of the cells they affect, namely squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, bronchoalveolar carcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

Small cell lung cancer, at times are dubbed oat cell cancer, is a comparatively less rampant form. This lung cancer form spreads at a more rapid rate and has more likelihood to metastasize to other organs.

Lung Cancer Signs & Symptoms:

The commonly noted symptoms of lung cancer comprise of:

• A persistent cough that deteriorates over a period of time.
• Regular chest pain.
• Bloody cough.
• Breathing distress with shortness, wheezing or gruffness.
• Recurrent episodes of pneumonia or bronchitis.
• Puffiness noted in the face and neck.
• Appetite loss or reduction in weight.
• Weariness and exhaustion.